The pathology of adenomyosis is still too little known, yet it affects many women, often around their forties. This gynecological condition, which concerns the uterine lining and its abnormal presence within the uterine muscle, raises questions about its symptoms, diagnosis, and available treatments. Understanding adenomyosis allows for options to better live with or treat this condition. Let’s dive into this topic to learn more!
Definition of Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis is a medical condition where the uterine lining, also known as the endometrium, infiltrates the uterine muscle, called the myometrium. It is often referred to as a form of internal endometriosis because its location is strictly intrauterine. This phenomenon primarily affects women of childbearing age, and more specifically, those around 40 years old. Adenomyosis may manifest alone or in association with other conditions, such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids, benign tumors that emerge in the muscular tissue of the uterus.
The Different Types of Adenomyosis
There are primarily three types of adenomyosis. The first is focal adenomyosis, where endometrial cells settle in many specific points within the uterine muscle. The second, called diffuse adenomyosis, spreads sparsely through several areas of the muscle. Finally, external adenomyosis appears only on the outer surface of the uterine muscle, making it less complex to treat.
Causes of Adenomyosis

The precise origins of adenomyosis remain unclear, although it is recognized that a hormonal overreaction can trigger it. The link between increased estrogen levels and the development of adenomyosis is regularly observed, making this point central to understanding this pathology. Women with a history of endometrial hyperplasia or who have experienced multiple pregnancies have a more pronounced predisposition.
Common Symptoms of Adenomyosis
Curiously, 35% of affected women present no symptoms, which complicates diagnosis in the absence of apparent symptoms. Where symptoms do occur, they often present as an enlarged uterus, heavy periods, pain during menstruation, and pain during intercourse. Additionally, fertility issues may also arise, particularly affecting those wishing to conceive.
Diagnosis of Adenomyosis
Detecting adenomyosis involves several medical examinations, often starting with a pelvic ultrasound to examine the uterus, potentially followed by a pelvic MRI for a more in-depth diagnosis. Other techniques, such as hysteroscopy, allow for exploration inside the uterus itself to confirm the presence of the pathology.
Available Treatment Options

In the absence of symptoms, it may be advised to limit to medical follow-up. On the other hand, for those who suffer from persistent symptoms, medical and surgical options are available. Therapeutic treatments include the use of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices, or hormonal agonists. For more advanced cases, interventions such as uterine embolization or hysterectomy may be necessary to relieve pain and prevent further complications.
Prevention of Adenomyosis
Although the causes remain unclear and therefore difficult to prevent, adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular physical activity, may help reduce certain risks. Foods such as cruciferous vegetables (like cabbage or broccoli) could help regulate female hormone levels, thus limiting the worsening of symptoms.